Reference List: Japanese Media & Language Research

This is a living (regularly updated) reference list of sociolinguistic academic research into the use of “scripted” language in Japanese media. To be included in this list, the research must discuss language which is not “spontaneous”, and analyze it from a perspective which focuses on language, language use, or the social links between linguistic forms and social meaning(s)/identities.

The links directly below these introductory paragraphs jump to sections that sort the research here across two categories: (1) the media type used for data, and (2) the overarching interest of the paper. References which straddle multiple interests or data types will appear multiple times on this list. Some references, especially books, may only touch on “scripted speech” as one part of their full study, but all cited books contain at least one full chapter using data drawn from Japanese language media.

All references are in APA format; clicking the underlined name of a reference will take you to the reference. You may, however, need a university library account to access it. If you know of research that should be on this list (even if you wrote it!) don’t hesitate to let me know via email or through a comment on this post.

Data Type: Manga / Anime / TV & Ads / Films / Video Games / Performances (Music/Drama) / Books / Translated Media

Research Topic: Women’s Language / Men’s Language / Comparative / LGBT+ / Non-Native Japanese Speakers / Dialects & Other Languages / Monsters & Fantasy / Role Language (Yakuwarigo)

Data Type: Manga

• Aizawa, M. (2003). Shōjo manga ni miru onna kotoba. Meikai Nihongo, 8, 85–99.
  
  
• Armour, W. (2010). Representations of the Masculine in Tagame Gengoroh’s Ero SM manga. Asian Studies Review, 34, 443–465.
  
  
• Chinami, K. (2003). Manga ni miru jendā hyōgen no kinō. Nihongo Jendā, 3, 17–36.
  
  
• Chinami, K. (2010). Manga ni miru jendā hyōgen no kinō. In M. Nakamura (Ed.), Jendā de manabu gengogaku (pp. 17–36). Sekaishishōsha.
  
  
• Dahlberg-Dodd, H. E. (2020). O-jōsama kotoba and a Stylistics of Same-sex Desire in Japanese Yuri Narratives. Mechademia, 13(1), 6–23.
  
  
• Jung, H. (2007). Nikan taishō yakuwarigo kenkyū. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no Chihei (pp. 71–94). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Kinsui, S. (2003). Vācharu nihongo yakuwarigo no nazo. Iwanami.
  
  
• Kinsui, S. (2007a). Kindai nihon manga no gengo. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no chihei (pp. 97–107). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Kinsui, S. (2014). Kore mo nihongo aru ka?: Ijin no kotoba ga umareru toki. Iwanami.
  
  
• Matsuoka, R., Okabe, K., & Poole, G. (2011). Gender, power, and face in nursing communication: A sociolinguistic analysis of speech events in a Japanese healthcare manga series. NCNJ, 10(1), 1–10.
  
  
• Maynard, S. K. (2016). Fluid Orality in the Discourse of Japanese Popular Culture. John Benjamins.
  
  
• Mori, N. (2010). Onna wa poruno o yomu. Seikyusha.
  
  
• Nakamura, M. (2007). “Sei” to nihongo: Kotoba ga tsukuru onna to otoko. Nihon Hōsou Shuppan Kyōkai.
  
  
• Nishida, T. (2011). Yakuwarigo toshite no tsundere hyōgen. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 265–278). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Okazaki, T., & Minami, Y. (2011). Yakuwarigo toshite no yōjigo to sono shūhen. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 195–212). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Rahardjo, H. (2022). Yakuwarigo used in “Nagasarete Airantou” manga. Central Asia and the Caucasus, 23(1), 1175-1182.
  
  
• Redmond, R. C. (2019). Kanji and non-homophonous furigana: Foreign language readings and character (stereo)types in manga. Discourse, Context & Media, 32, 1–8.
  
  
• Robertson, W. C. (2015). Orthography, foreigners, and fluency: indexicality and script selection in Japanese manga. Japanese Studies, 35(2), 205-222.
  
  
• Robertson, W. C. (2016). Writing another’s tongue: Orthographic representations of non-fluency in Japanese manga. In S. Pasfield-Neofitou & C. Sell (Eds.), Manga Vision: Cultural and Communicative Perspectives (pp. 161–177). Monash University Press.
  
  
• Robertson, W. C. (2017). He’s more katakana than kanji: Indexing identity and self-presentation through script in Japanese manga. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 21(4), 497–520.
  
  
• Robertson, W. C. (2019a). Scripted voices: Script’s role in creating Japanese manga dialogue. Journal of Graphic Novels & Comics, 10(1), 87–105.
  
  
• Robertson, W. C. (2019b). Why can’t I speak in kanji?: Indexing social identities through marked script use in Japanese manga. Discourse, Context & Media, 30, 1–9.
  
  
• Robertson, W. C. (2020a). Scripting Japan: Orthography, Variation, and the Creation of Meaning in Written Japanese. Routledge.
  
  
• Suzuki, S. (2015). Nationalism lite? The commodification of non-Japanese speech in Japanese media. Japanese Language and Literature, 49, 509–529.
  
  
• Takahashi, S. (2009). Akujo no “yakuwari”: Shōjo manga “raifu” ni miru shōjo no “onnakotoba.” Gender and Sexuality, 4, 17–37.
  
  
• Togashi, J. (2011). Tsundere sokusei ni okeru gengohyōgen no tokuchō. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 279–295). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Ueno, J. (2006). Shojo and adult women: A linguistic analysis of gender identity in manga (Japanese comics). Women & Language, 29(1), 16–25.　
  
  
• Unser-Schutz, G. (2010). Exploring the role of language in manga: Text types, their usages, and their distributions. International Journal of Comic Art, 12(2/3), 25–43.
  
  
• Unser-Schutz, G. (2011). Language as the visual: Exploring the intersection of linguistic and visual language in manga. Image & Narrative, 12(1), 1–22.
  
  
• Unser-Schutz, G. (2015). What text can tell us about male and female characters in shōjo- and shōnen-manga. East Asian Journal of Popular Culture, 1(1), 133–153.
  
  
• Unser-Schutz, G. (2019). Redefining Shōjo and Shōnen Manga Through Language Patterns. In J. Berndt, K. Nagaike, & F. Ogi (Eds.), Shōjo Across Media: Exploring Girl Practices in Contemporary Japan (pp. 49–82). Palgrave Macmillan.

Data type: Anime

• Dahlberg-Dodd, H. E. (2018). Voices of the hero: Dominant masculine ideologies through the speech of Japanese shōnen protagonists. Gender and Language, 12(3), 346–371.
  
  
• Hiramoto, M. (2010). Anime and intertextualities: Hegemonic identities in Cowboy Bebob. Pragmatics & Society, 1(2), 234-256.
  
  
• Hiramoto, M. (2013). Hey, you’re a girl?: Gendered expressions in the popular anime, Cowboy Bebob. Multilingua, 32(1), 51–78.
  
  
• Ito, R., & Bisila, M. (2021). Blond hair, blue eyes, and “bad” Japanese: Representing foreigner stereotypes in Japanese anime. Language Awareness, 29(3–4), 286–303.
  
  
• Ito, R. (2022). Edutaining with indigeneity: Mediatizing Ainu bilingualism in the Japanese anime, Golden Kamuy. Language & Communication, 87, 29-43.
  
  
• Konei, R. (2011). Kaze no tani no naushika to yakuwarigo. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 173–180). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Teshigawara, M. (2007). Seishitsu kara mita koe no sutereotaipu. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no Chihei (pp. 9–25). Kuroshio.

Data type: TV & Advertising (non-anime)

• Endō, O. (1997). Dorama no kotoba. Nihongogaku, 16, 67–79.
  
  
• Konstantinovskaia, N. (2020). Creation of femininity in Japanese televised “beauty ads”: Traditional values, kawaii cuteness, and a dash of feminism. Gender and Language, 14(3), 305–325.
  
  
• Maree, C. (2020). Queerqueen: Linguistic Excess in Japanese Media. Oxford University Press.
  
  
• Maynard, S. K. (2016). Fluid Orality in the Discourse of Japanese Popular Culture. John Benjamins.
  
  
• Mizumoto, T. (2005). Terebi dorama niokeru josei kotoba to gendā firutā. Nihongo to Jendā, 5, 23–46.
  
  
• Mizumoto, T. (2010). Terebi dorama: Doramago toshite no onna kotoba. In M. Nakamura (Ed.), Jendā de manabu gengogaku (pp. 89–106). Sekaishishōsha.
  
  
• Motohama, H. (2011). Uchinānchu hyōgen to yakuwarigo. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 181–194). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Nakamura, M. (2020a). Shinkeigo majiyabaissu. Hakutakusha.
  
  
• Nakamura, M. (2020b). The formation of a sociolinguistic style in translation: Cool and informal non-Japanese masculinity. Gender and Language, 14(3), 244–262.
  
  
• Occhi, D. J., Sturtz-Sreetharan, C., & Shibamoto-Smith, J. (2010). Finding Mr Right: New Looks at Gendered Modernity in Japanese Televised Romances. Japanese Studies, 30(3), 409–425.
  
  
• Okamoto, S., & Shibamoto Smith, J. S. (2008). Constructing linguistic femininity in contemporary Japan: Scholarly and popular representations. Gender and Language, 2(1), 87–112.
  
  
• Scherer, E., & Thelen, T. (2020). On countryside roads to national identity: Japanese morning drama series (asadora) and contents tourism. Japan Forum, 32(1), 6-29.
  
  
• Scherling, J. (2016). The creative use of English in Japanese punning. World Englishes, 35(2), 276-292.
  
  
• Seaton, P. (2001). ‘Shampoo for extra damage’: Making sense of Japanized English. Japan Forum, 13(2), 233-247.
  
  
• Shibamoto Smith, J., & Occhi, D. J. (2009). The green leaves of love: Japanese romantic heroines, authentic femininity, and dialect. Sociolinguistics, 13(4), 524–546.
  
  
• Suzuki, S. (2020b). Multiculturalism or Cultural Nationalism? Representation of Ellie Kameyama as a Conduit and the Other in the NHK Morning Drama Massan. Japanese Studies, 40(2), 121–140.
  
  
• Yano, C. R. (2010). Becoming prodigal Japanese: Portraits of Japanese Americans on Japanese Television. In M. Yoshimoto, E. Tsai, & J. Choi (Eds.), Television, Japan and Globalization (pp. 217–240). University of Michigan Press.

Data type: Film

• Nurilaila, E., Ricahyono, S., Setyadi, D., Arifin, S. (2020). National cultures and politeness strategies in intercultural communication among Japanese and American characters in “The Last Samurai” movie: A cross-cultural pragmatic analysis. Social Sciences, Humanities and Education Journal, 1(10), 10-17.
  
  
• Sturtz-Sreetharan, C. (2017a). Language and masculinity: The role of Osaka dialect in contemporary ideals of fatherhood. Gender and Language, 11(4), 552–574.
  
  
• Sturtz-Sreetharan, C. (2017b). Resignifying the Japanese father: Mediatization, commodification, and dialect. Language & Communication, 53, 45–58.

Data type: Video Games

• Dahlberg-Dodd, H. E. (2022a). Katakana and the mediatized ‘Other’: Script variation in fantastical narratives. Japanese Studies, 42(1), 61-79.
  
  
• Mangiron, C. (2004). Localising Final Fantasy—Bringing fantasy to reality. LISA Newsletter Global Insider, 13.
  
  
• Mangiron, C. (2010). The importance of not being earnest: Translating humour in video games. In Delia Chiaro (Ed.), Translation, Humor, and the Media (pp. 89-107). Bloomsbury.
  
  
• Mangiron, C., & O’Hagan, M. (2006). Game localisation: Unleashing imagination with “restricted” translation. The Journal of Specialized Translation, 6, 10–21.
  
  
• O’Hagan, M. (2012). Transcreating Japanese Video Games: Exploring a Future Direction for Translation Studies in Japan. In N. Sato-Rossberg & J. Wakabayashi (Eds.), Translation and Translation Studies in the Japanese Context (pp. 183–201). Bloomsbury.
  
  
• Robertson, W. C. (2020b). Unspeakable puns: Kanji-dependent wordplay as a localization strategy in Japanese. Perspectives, 28(4), 606–624.

Data type: Performances (Drama/Music)

• Abe, H. (2010). Queer Japanese: Gender and Sexual Identities Through Linguistic Practices. Springer.
  
  
• Birnie-Smith, J. & Robertson, W. C. (2021). Superdiversity and translocal brutality in Asian extreme metal lyrics. Language & Communication, 81, 48-63.
  
  
• Robertson, W. C. (2022). Screams of slaughter and samurai: Revisiting Japan’s medieval in contemporary Japanese folk metal. Parergon, 39(1), 79-104.

Data type: Books (Novels & Textbooks)

• Fraser, L. (2008). Gendered Language in Recent Short Stories by Japanese Women, and in English Translation. New Voices, 2, 1–20.
  
  
• Inoue, M. (2002). Gender, language, and modernity: Toward an effective history of “Japanese women’s language.” American Ethnologist, 29(2), 392–422.
  
  
• Inoue, M. (2004). What does language remember?: Indexical inversion and the naturalized history of Japanese women. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 14(1), 39–56.
  
  
• Maynard, S. K. (2016). Fluid Orality in the Discourse of Japanese Popular Culture. John Benjamins.
  
  
• Nakamura, M. (2005). Construction of “Men’s National Language” in Japan (1868-1926). Shizenningenshakai, 38, 91–126.
  
  
• Nakamura, M. (2014). Gender, language and ideology: A genealogy of Japanese women’s language. John Benjamins.
  
  
• Onzuka, C. (2011). Kankoku no kyōkasho ni okeru yakuwarigo no yakuwari. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 51–70). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Suzuki, S. (2022). Asian masculinity celebrated and otherised: Representations of Chinese and Korean men in Japanese written media. Gender and Language, 16(2), 173–194.
  
  
• Shibamoto-Smith, J. S. (2004). Language and Gender in the (Hereto)Romance. In S. Okamoto (Ed.), Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People (pp. 113–130). Oxford University Press.
  
  
• Suzuki, S. (2018). Nationalism and gender in the representation of non-Japanese characters’ speech in contemporary Japanese novels. Pragmatics, 28(2), 271–302.
  
  
• Suzuki, S. (2020a). Masculinity, race and national identity: Representations of non-Japanese men’s speech in contemporary Japanese novels. Gender and Language, 14(3), 226–243.
  
  
• Teshigawara, M., & Kinsui, S. (2011). Modern Japanese “role language” (yakuwarigo): Fictionalised orality in Japanese literature and popular culture. Sociolinguistic Studies, 5(1), 37–58.

Data type: Translated Media

• Fraser, L. (2008). Gendered Language in Recent Short Stories by Japanese Women, and in English Translation. New Voices, 2, 1–20.
  
  
• Furukawa, H. (2012). A Feminist Woman with a Given Female Language: A Contemporary Figure in the Japanese Translation of Margaret Atwood’s The Edible Woman. Babel, 58(2), 220–235.
  
  
• Furukawa, H. (2015). Intracultural translation into an ideological language: The case of the Japanese translation of Anne of Green Gables. Neohelicon, 42, 297–312.
  
  
• Furukawa, H. (2016). De-feminizing Translation: To Make Women Visible in Japanese Translation. In L. von Flotow & F. Farahzad (Eds.), Translating Women: Different Voices and New Horizons (pp. 76–89). Routledge.
  
  
• Furukawa, H. (2018). Connie’s language and sexuality: Lady Chatterly’s Love in Japanese. Studies in Translation Theory and Practice, 26(3), 337–390.
  
  
• Gaubatz, T. M. (2007). Shōsetsu ni okeru beigo hōgen no nihongoyaku ni tsuite. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no chihei (pp. 125–158). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Inoue, M. (2003). Speech without a speaking body: ‘“Japanese women’s language”’ in translation. Language & Communication, 23(3–4), 315–330.
  
  
• Nakamura, M. (2013). Honyaku ga tsukuru nihongo: Heroin wa “onna kotoba” wo hanashitsuzukeru. Hakutakusha.
  
  
• Nakamura, M. (2020a). Shinkeigo majiyabaissu. Hakutakusha.
  
  
• Ota, J. (2011). Usain boruto no “I” wa, naze “ore” to yakusareru no ka. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 279–295). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Shibamoto-Smith, J. S. (2005). Translating true love: Japanese romance fiction, Harlequin-style. In J. Santaemilia (Ed.), Gender, Sex and Translation: The Manipulation of Identities (pp. 97–116). St. Jerome.
  
  
• Yamaguchi, H. (2007). Yakuwarigo no kobetsusei to fuhensei. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no Chihei (pp. 9–25). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Yoda, M. (2007). Seiyōjingo: “ō! Romio” no bunkei. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no chihei. Kuroshio.

Data type: Various/Comparative

• Duc-Harada, P. (2021). Standard Language as a Role Language in Real-life Japanese and Fiction. Silva Iaponicarum, 64–65, 39–59.
  
  
• Inoue, M. (2016). Where has “Japanese women’s language” gone?: Notes on language and political economy in the age of control societies. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 6(3), 151–177.
  
  
• Kaneda, J. (2011). Yōsu ni chūmokushita yakuwarigo shōtaishō kenkyū. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 127–153). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Kinsui, S. (2007b). Yakuwarigo toshite no pijin nihongo no rekishi sobyō. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no chihei (pp. 97–107). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Yoda, M. (2011). Yakuwarigo toshite no katakoto nihongo: Seiyōjin kyarakuta o chūshin ni. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 213–248). Kuroshio.

Topic: Women’s Language/Onnakotoba

• Aizawa, M. (2003). Shōjo manga ni miru onna kotoba [Women’s language in shōjo manga]. Meikai Nihongo, 8, 85–99.
  
  
• Fraser, L. (2008). Gendered Language in Recent Short Stories by Japanese Women, and in English Translation. New Voices, 2, 1-20.
  
  
• Furukawa, H. (2012). A Feminist Woman with a Given Female Language: A Contemporary Figure in the Japanese Translation of Margaret Atwood’s The Edible Woman. Babel, 58(2), 220–235.
  
  
• Furukawa, H. (2015). Intracultural translation into an ideological language: The case of the Japanese translation of Anne of Green Gables. Neohelicon, 42, 297–312.
  
  
• Furukawa, H. (2018). Connie’s language and sexuality: Lady Chatterly’s Love in Japanese. Studies in Translation Theory and Practice, 26(3), 337–390.
  
  
• Hiramoto, M. (2009). Slaves speak pseudo-Tōhoku-ben: The representation of minorities in the Japanese translation of Gone with the Wind. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 13(2), 249–263.
  
  
• Inoue, M. (2002). Gender, language, and modernity: Toward an effective history of “Japanese women’s language.” American Ethnologist, 29(2), 392–422.
  
  
• Inoue, M. (2003). Speech without a speaking body: ‘“Japanese women’s language”’ in translation. Language & Communication, 23(3–4), 315–330.
  
  
• Inoue, M. (2004). What does language remember?: Indexical inversion and the naturalized history of Japanese women. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 14(1), 39–56.
  
  
• Inoue, M. (2016). Where has “Japanese women’s language” gone?: Notes on language and political economy in the age of control societies. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 6(3), 151–177.
  
  
• Konei, R. (2011). Kaze no tani no naushika to yakuwarigo. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 173–180). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Mizumoto, T. (2005). Terebi dorama niokeru josei kotoba to gendā firutā. Nihongo to Jendā, 5, 23–46.
  
  
• Mizumoto, T. (2010). Terebi dorama: Doramago toshite no onna kotoba. In M. Nakamura (Ed.), Jendā de manabu gengogaku (pp. 89–106). Sekaishishōsha.
  
  
• Nakamura, M. (2013). Honyaku ga tsukuru nihongo: Heroin wa “onna kotoba” wo hanashitsuzukeru. Hakutakusha.
  
  
• Nakamura, M. (2014). Gender, language and ideology: A genealogy of Japanese women’s language. John Benjamins.
  
  
• Okamoto, S., & Shibamoto Smith, J. S. (2008). Constructing linguistic femininity in contemporary Japan: Scholarly and popular representations. Gender and Language, 2(1), 87–112.
  
  
• Takahashi, S. (2009). Akujo no “yakuwari”: Shōjo manga “raifu” ni miru shōjo no “onnakotoba.” Gender and Sexuality, 4, 17–37.
  
  
• Ueno, J. (2006). Shojo and adult women: A linguistic analysis of gender identity in manga (Japanese comics). Women & Language, 29(1), 16–25.

Topic: Men’s Language/Otokokotoba

• Dahlberg-Dodd, H. E. (2018). Voices of the hero: Dominant masculine ideologies through the speech of Japanese shōnen protagonists. Gender and Language, 12(3), 346–371.
  
  
• Nakamura, M. (2005). Construction of “Men’s National Language” in Japan (1868-1926). Shizenningenshakai, 38, 91–126.
  
  
• Nakamura, M. (2020a). Shinkeigo majiyabaissu. Hakutakusha.
  
  
• Nakamura, M. (2020b). The formation of a sociolinguistic style in translation: Cool and informal non-Japanese masculinity. Gender and Language, 14(3), 244–262.
  
  
• Occhi, D. J., Sturtz-Sreetharan, C., & Shibamoto-Smith, J. (2010). Finding Mr Right: New Looks at Gendered Modernity in Japanese Televised Romances. Japanese Studies, 30(3), 409–425.
  
  
• Suzuki, S. (2022). Asian masculinity celebrated and otherised: Representations of Chinese and Korean men in Japanese written media. Gender and Language, 16(2), 173–194.
  
  
• Sturtz-Sreetharan, C. (2017a). Language and masculinity: The role of Osaka dialect in contemporary ideals of fatherhood. Gender and Language, 11(4), 552–574.
  
  
• Sturtz-Sreetharan, C. (2017b). Resignifying the Japanese father: Mediatization, commodification, and dialect. Language & Communication, 53, 45–58.
  
  
• Suzuki, S. (2020a). Masculinity, race and national identity: Representations of non-Japanese men’s speech in contemporary Japanese novels. Gender and Language, 14(3), 226–243.

Topic: Comparative (e.g., Data Contrasts Men & Women)

• Chinami, K. (2003). Manga ni miru jendā hyōgen no kinō. Nihongo Jendā, 3, 17–36.
  
  
• Chinami, K. (2010). Manga ni miru jendā hyōgen no kinō. In M. Nakamura (Ed.), Jendā de manabu gengogaku (pp. 17–36). Sekaishishōsha.
  
  
• Hiramoto, M. (2010). Anime and intertextualities: Hegemonic identities in Cowboy Bebob. Pragmatics & Society, 1(2), 234-256.
  
  
• Hiramoto, M. (2013). Hey, you’re a girl?: Gendered expressions in the popular anime, Cowboy Bebob. Multilingua, 32(1), 51–78.
  
  
• Kinsui, S. (2007a). Kindai nihon manga no gengo. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no chihei (pp. 97–107). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Matsuoka, R., Okabe, K., & Poole, G. (2011). Gender, power, and face in nursing communication: A sociolinguistic analysis of speech events in a Japanese healthcare manga series. NCNJ, 10(1), 1–10.
  
  
• Nakamura, M. (2007). “Sei” to nihongo: Kotoba ga tsukuru onna to otoko. Nihon Hōsou Shuppan Kyōkai.
  
  
• Nakamura, M. (2020a). Shinkeigo majiyabaissu. Hakutakusha.
  
  
• Robertson, W. C. (2017). He’s more katakana than kanji: Indexing identity and self-presentation through script in Japanese manga. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 21(4), 497–520.
  
  
• Robertson, W. C. (2019a). Scripted voices: Script’s role in creating Japanese manga dialogue. Journal of Graphic Novels & Comics, 10(1), 87–105.
  
  
• Robertson, W. C. (2019b). Why can’t I speak in kanji?: Indexing social identities through marked script use in Japanese manga. Discourse, Context & Media, 30, 1–9.
  
  
• Robertson, W. C. (2020a). Scripting Japan: Orthography, Variation, and the Creation of Meaning in Written Japanese. Routledge.
  
  
• Shibamoto-Smith, J. S. (2004). Language and Gender in the (Hereto)Romance. In S. Okamoto (Ed.), Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People (pp. 113–130). Oxford University Press.
  
  
• Shibamoto-Smith, J. S. (2005). Translating true love: Japanese romance fiction, Harlequin-style. In J. Santaemilia (Ed.), Gender, Sex and Translation: The Manipulation of Identities (pp. 97–116). St. Jerome.
  
  
• Unser-Schutz, G. (2010). Exploring the role of language in manga: Text types, their usages, and their distributions. International Journal of Comic Art, 12(2/3), 25–43.
  
  
• Unser-Schutz, G. (2011). Language as the visual: Exploring the intersection of linguistic and visual language in manga. Image & Narrative, 12(1), 1–22.
  
  
• Unser-Schutz, G. (2015). What text can tell us about male and female characters in shōjo- and shōnen-manga. East Asian Journal of Popular Culture, 1(1), 133–153.
  
  
• Unser-Schutz, G. (2019). Redefining Shōjo and Shōnen Manga Through Language Patterns. In J. Berndt, K. Nagaike, & F. Ogi (Eds.), Shōjo Across Media: Exploring Girl Practices in Contemporary Japan (pp. 49–82). Palgrave Macmillan.

Topic: Language Use of LGBT+ Characters

• Abe, H. (2010). Queer Japanese: Gender and Sexual Identities Through Linguistic Practices. Springer.
  
  
• Armour, W. (2010). Representations of the Masculine in Tagame Gengoroh’s Ero SM manga. Asian Studies Review, 34, 443–465.
  
  
• Dahlberg-Dodd, H. E. (2020). O-jōsama kotoba and a Stylistics of Same-sex Desire in Japanese Yuri Narratives. Mechademia, 13(1), 6–23.
  
  
• Maree, C. (2020). Queerqueen: Linguistic Excess in Japanese Media. Oxford University Press.

Topic: Representations of Non-Native Japanese

• Ito, R., & Bisila, M. (2021). Blond hair, blue eyes, and “bad” Japanese: Representing foreigner stereotypes in Japanese anime. Language Awareness, 29(3–4), 286–303.
  
  
• Kinsui, S. (2007b). Yakuwarigo toshite no pijin nihongo no rekishi sobyō. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no chihei (pp. 97–107). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Kinsui, S. (2014). Kore mo nihongo aru ka?: Ijin no kotoba ga umareru toki. Iwanami.
  
  
• Robertson, W. C. (2015). Orthography, foreigners, and fluency: indexicality and script selection in Japanese manga. Japanese Studies, 35(2), 205-222.
  
  
• Robertson, W. C. (2016). Writing another’s tongue: Orthographic representations of non-fluency in Japanese manga. In S. Pasfield-Neofitou & C. Sell (Eds.), Manga Vision: Cultural and Communicative Perspectives (pp. 161–177). Monash University Press.
  
  
• Robertson, W. C. (2020a). Scripting Japan: Orthography, Variation, and the Creation of Meaning in Written Japanese. Routledge.
  
  
• Suzuki, S. (2015). Nationalism lite? The commodification of non-Japanese speech in Japanese media. Japanese Language and Literature, 49, 509–529.
  
  
• Suzuki, S. (2018). Nationalism and gender in the representation of non-Japanese characters’ speech in contemporary Japanese novels. Pragmatics, 28(2), 271–302.
  
  
• Suzuki, S. (2020a). Masculinity, race and national identity: Representations of non-Japanese men’s speech in contemporary Japanese novels. Gender and Language, 14(3), 226–243.
  
  
• Suzuki, S. (2020b). Multiculturalism or Cultural Nationalism? Representation of Ellie Kameyama as a Conduit and the Other in the NHK Morning Drama Massan. Japanese Studies, 40(2), 121–140.
  
  
• Suzuki, S. (2022). Asian masculinity celebrated and otherised: Representations of Chinese and Korean men in Japanese written media. Gender and Language, 16(2), 173–194.
  
  
• Yano, C. R. (2010). Becoming prodigal Japanese: Portraits of Japanese Americans on Japanese Television. In M. Yoshimoto, E. Tsai, & J. Choi (Eds.), Television, Japan and Globalization (pp. 217–240). University of Michigan Press.
  
  
• Yoda, M. (2011). Yakuwarigo toshite no katakoto nihongo: Seiyōjin kyarakuta o chūshin ni. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 213–248). Kuroshio.

Topic: Dialects & Other Languages

• Duc-Harada, P. (2021). Standard Language as a Role Language in Real-life Japanese and Fiction. Silva Iaponicarum, 64–65, 39–59.
  
  
• Gaubatz, T. M. (2007). Shōsetsu ni okeru beigo hōgen no nihongoyaku ni tsuite. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no chihei (pp. 125–158). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Hiramoto, M. (2009). Slaves speak pseudo-Tōhoku-ben: The representation of minorities in the Japanese translation of Gone with the Wind. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 13(2), 249–263.
  
  
• Inoue, M. (2003). Speech without a speaking body: ‘“Japanese women’s language”’ in translation. Language & Communication, 23(3–4), 315–330.
  
  
• Ito, R. (2022). Edutaining with indigeneity: Mediatizing Ainu bilingualism in the Japanese anime, Golden Kamuy. Language & Communication, 87, 29-43.
  
  
• Jung, H. (2007). Nikan taishō yakuwarigo kenkyū. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no Chihei (pp. 71–94). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Motohama, H. (2011). Uchinānchu hyōgen to yakuwarigo. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 181–194). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Okamoto, S., & Shibamoto Smith, J. S. (2008). Constructing linguistic femininity in contemporary Japan: Scholarly and popular representations. Gender and Language, 2(1), 87–112.
  
  
• Ota, J. (2011). Usain boruto no “I” wa, naze “ore” to yakuwareru no ka. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 279–295). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Redmond, R. C. (2019). Kanji and non-homophonous furigana: Foreign language readings and character (stereo)types in manga. Discourse, Context & Media, 32, 1–8.
  
  
• Scherer, E., & Thelen, T. (2020). On countryside roads to national identity: Japanese morning drama series (asadora) and contents tourism. Japan Forum, 32(1), 6-29.
  
  
• Shibamoto Smith, J., & Occhi, D. J. (2009). The green leaves of love: Japanese romantic heroines, authentic femininity, and dialect. Sociolinguistics, 13(4), 524–546.
  
  
• Sturtz-Sreetharan, C. (2017a). Language and masculinity: The role of Osaka dialect in contemporary ideals of fatherhood. Gender and Language, 11(4), 552–574.
  
  
• Sturtz-Sreetharan, C. (2017b). Resignifying the Japanese father: Mediatization, commodification, and dialect. Language & Communication, 53, 45–58.

Topic: Monsters & Fantasy Creatures

• Dahlberg-Dodd, H. E. (2022a). Katakana and the mediatized ‘Other’: Script variation in fantastical narratives. Japanese Studies, 42(1), 61-79.
  
  
• Takahashi, S. (2009). Akujo no “yakuwari”: Shōjo manga “raifu” ni miru shōjo no “onnakotoba.” Gender and Sexuality, 4, 17–37.

Topic: Yakuwarigo (“Role Language”)

• Dharma, R. C. D., & Kariko, A. T. K. (2019). Kyaragobi: Enhancing the identity of a Kyara on Japanese fiction in the digital era. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1175, 1–6.
  
  
• Duc-Harada, P. (2021). Standard Language as a Role Language in Real-life Japanese and Fiction. Silva Iaponicarum, 64–65, 39–59.
  
  
• Furukawa, H. (2015). Intracultural translation into an ideological language: The case of the Japanese translation of Anne of Green Gables. Neohelicon, 42, 297–312.
  
  
• Gaubatz, T. M. (2007). Shōsetsu ni okeru beigo hōgen no nihongoyaku ni tsuite. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no chihei (pp. 125–158). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Jung, H. (2007). Nikan taishō yakuwarigo kenkyū. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no Chihei (pp. 71–94). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Kaneda, J. (2011). Yōsu ni chūmokushita yakuwarigo shōtaishō kenkyū. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 127–153). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Kinsui, S. (2003). Vācharu nihongo yakuwarigo no nazo. Iwanami.
  
  
• Kinsui, S. (2007a). Kindai nihon manga no gengo. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no chihei (pp. 97–107). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Kinsui, S. (2007b). Yakuwarigo toshite no pijin nihongo no rekishi sobyō. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no chihei (pp. 97–107). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Kinsui, S. (2014). Kore mo nihongo aru ka?: Ijin no kotoba ga umareru toki. Iwanami.
  
  
• Kinsui, S., & Yamakido, H. (2015). Role Language & Character Language. Acta Linguistica Asiatica, 5, 30–41.
  
  
• Konei, R. (2011). Kaze no tani no naushika to yakuwarigo. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 173–180). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Motohama, H. (2011). Uchinānchu hyōgen to yakuwarigo. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 181–194). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Nishida, T. (2011). Yakuwarigo toshite no tsundere hyōgen. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 265–278). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Okazaki, T., & Minami, Y. (2011). Yakuwarigo toshite no yōjigo to sono shūhen. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 195–212). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Onzuka, C. (2011). Kankoku no kyōkasho ni okeru yakuwarigo no yakuwari. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 51–70). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Ota, J. (2011). Usain boruto no “I” wa, naze “ore” to yakuwareru no ka. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 279–295). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Rahardjo, H. (2022). Yakuwarigo used in “Nagasarete Airantou” manga. Central Asia and the Caucasus, 23(1), 1175-1182.
  
  
• Takahashi, S. (2009). Akujo no “yakuwari”: Shōjo manga “raifu” ni miru shōjo no “onnakotoba.” Gender and Sexuality, 4, 17–37.
  
  
• Teshigawara, M. (2007). Seishitsu kara mita koe no sutereotaipu. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no Chihei (pp. 9–25). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Teshigawara, M., & Kinsui, S. (2011). Modern Japanese “role language” (yakuwarigo): Fictionalised orality in Japanese literature and popular culture. Sociolinguistic Studies, 5(1), 37–58.
  
  
• Togashi, J. (2011). Tsundere sokusei ni okeru gengohyōgen no tokuchō. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 279–295). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Yamaguchi, H. (2007). Yakuwarigo no kobetsusei to fuhensei. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no Chihei (pp. 9–25). Kuroshio.
  
  
• Yamashita, R. (2019). Code-switching, language crossing and mediatized translinguistic practices. In P. Heinrich & Y. Ohara (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics. Routledge.
  
  
• Yoda, M. (2007). Seiyōjingo: “ō! Romio” no bunkei. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no chihei. Kuroshio.
  
  
• Yoda, M. (2011). Yakuwarigo toshite no katakoto nihongo: Seiyōjin kyarakuta o chūshin ni. In S. Kinsui (Ed.), Yakuwarigo no tenkai (pp. 213–248). Kuroshio.

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